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The Great White Spot Is Really a Yearly Storm That Should Happen Again in 2020 True or False

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Persistent tempest in Jupiter's temper

Closer view of the Great Red Spot

The Dandy Ruby-red Spot is a persistent high-pressure region in the atmosphere of Jupiter, producing an anticyclonic tempest that is one of the largest in the Solar Organisation. Located 22 degrees south of Jupiter's equator, information technology produces air current-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph). Observations from 1665 to 1713 are believed to be of the same storm; if this is correct, it has existed for at to the lowest degree 357 years.[i] It was next observed in September 1831, with 60 recorded observations between and so and 1878, when continuous observations began.[2] [3]

Observation history [edit]

A wide view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from Voyager 1 in 1979. The white oval storm direct below the Groovy Red Spot has the estimate diameter of Globe.

Time-lapse sequence from the approach of Voyager i to Jupiter, showing the motility of atmospheric bands, and circulation of the Great Red Spot. NASA image.

The Great Red Spot may have existed since before 1665, but it could also exist the case that the present spot was first seen just in 1830, and well-studied only later on a prominent apparition in 1879. The storm that was seen in the 17th century may accept been different than the storm that exists today.[4] A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was just poor is unknown.[5]

For instance, the outset sighting of the Great Red Spot is oftentimes credited to Robert Hooke, who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, information technology is likely that Hooke's spot was not only in another belt birthday (the N Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the South Equatorial Belt), merely as well that it was the shadow of a transiting moon, well-nigh likely that of Callisto.[half dozen] Far more than convincing is Giovanni Cassini'due south description of a "permanent spot" the following yr.[seven] With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713, just the 118-year observational gap makes the identity of the ii spots inconclusive. The older spot's shorter observational history and slower motility than the modern spot makes it hard to conclude that they are the aforementioned.[viii]

A small mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by Donato Creti, which is exhibited in the Vatican.[ clarification needed ] [9] [x] Part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve every bit backdrops for various Italian scenes, and all overseen by the astronomer Eustachio Manfredi for accurateness, Creti's painting is the first known to draw the Great Red Spot every bit red (albeit raised to the Jovian Northern hemisphere due to an optical inversion inherent to the era's telescopes). No Jovian characteristic was explicitly described in writing as carmine before the belatedly 19th century.[10]

The Peachy Red Spot has been observed since 5 September 1831. Past 1879 over 60 observations were recorded.[2] After it came into prominence in 1879, information technology has been under continuous ascertainment.

In the 21st century, the Cracking Red Spot was seen to be shrinking in size. At the start of 2004, information technology had approximately half the longitudinal extent it had had a century ago, when information technology reached a size of 40,000 km (25,000 mi), about three times the diameter of Earth. At the present rate of reduction, it would go circular past 2040. It is not known how long the spot volition terminal, or whether the alter is a result of normal fluctuations.[xi] In 2019, the Nifty Red Spot began "flaking" at its edge, with fragments of the storm breaking off and dissipating.[12] The shrinking and "flaking" fueled concern from some astronomers that the Swell Red Spot could dissipate within 20 years.[ commendation needed ] Yet, other astronomers believe that the credible size of the Swell Cherry Spot reflects its cloud coverage and not the size of the actual, underlying vortex, and they too believe that the flaking events can be explained by interactions with other cyclones or anticyclones, including incomplete absorptions of smaller systems; if this is the instance, this would mean that the Slap-up Red Spot is non in danger of dissipating.[xiii]

A smaller spot, designated Oval BA, formed in March 2000 from the merging of three white ovals,[xiv] has turned red in colour. Astronomers have named it the Little Blood-red Spot or Red, Jr. As of 5 June 2006, the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to exist budgeted convergence.[15] The storms pass each other virtually every 2 years merely the passings of 2002 and 2004 were of petty significance. Amy Simon-Miller, of the Goddard Space Flight Center, predicted the storms would have their closest passing on iv July 2006. She worked with Imke de Pater and Phil Marcus of UC Berkeley and a team of professional astronomers since April 2006 to study the storms using the Hubble Space Telescope; on 20 July 2006, the two storms were photographed passing each other by the Gemini Observatory without converging.[xvi] In May 2008, a third tempest turned cerise.[17]

The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Bully Nighttime Spot, a feature observed nigh the northern pole of Jupiter in 2000 with the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft.[18] There is also a feature in the temper of Neptune too called the Great Dark Spot. The latter feature was imaged by Voyager ii in 1989 and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm. Information technology was no longer present equally of 1994, although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north.

Closeup of the Great Red Spot taken from nigh viii,000 km (5,000 mi) above information technology (July eleven, 2017)

Exploration [edit]

On 25 February 1979,[19] when the Voyager 1 spacecraft was nine,200,000 km (v,700,000 mi) from Jupiter, it transmitted the start detailed image of the Great Red Spot. Cloud details as small-scale every bit 160 km (99 mi) across were visible. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern seen to the left (west) of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable moving ridge movement.

The Juno spacecraft, which entered into a polar orbit effectually Jupiter in 2016, flew over the Peachy Carmine Spot upon its close approach to Jupiter on xi July 2017, taking several images of the storm from a distance of about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) in a higher place the surface.[twenty] [21] Over the duration of the Juno mission, the spacecraft will continue to study the limerick and evolution of Jupiter'southward atmosphere, especially its Great Crimson Spot.[20]

Structure [edit]

Approximate size comparison of World and the Great Red Spot.

Jupiter's Swell Ruby Spot rotates counterclockwise, with a catamenia of well-nigh vi Earth days[22] or fourteen Jovian days. Measuring xvi,350 km (10,160 mi) in width as of 3 April 2017, Jupiter's Slap-up Cherry Spot is i.3 times the diameter of Earth.[20] The deject-tops of this storm are about 8 km (v.0 mi) above the surrounding cloud-tops.[23]

Infrared data have long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet.[24] The upper temper to a higher place the storm, however, has substantially higher temperatures than the rest of the planet. Acoustic (audio) waves rise from the turbulence of the storm below take been proposed equally an explanation for the heating of this region.[25]

Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the Great Red Spot's counter-clockwise circulation every bit far back as 1966, observations dramatically confirmed by the beginning time-lapse movies from the Voyager fly-bys.[26] The spot is confined by a pocket-sized due east jet stream to its south and a very stiff westward ane to its north.[27] Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at about 432 km/h (268 mph), currents inside it seem stagnant, with little inflow or outflow.[28] The rotation catamenia of the spot has decreased with time, mayhap as a direct issue of its steady reduction in size.[29]

The Great Ruddy Spot's latitude has been stable for the duration of good observational records, typically varying by nigh a degree. Its longitude, still, is subject to constant variation, including a 90-day longitudinal oscillation with an amplitude of ~1°.[30] [31] Because Jupiter does non rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers take divers three different systems for defining the longitude. System 2 is used for latitudes of more than x degrees and was originally based on the average rotational menstruum of the Not bad Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s.[32] Despite this, withal, the spot has "lapped" the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early on nineteenth century. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the South Equatorial Chugalug and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance.[33]

Colour and composition [edit]

Information technology is not known what causes the Smashing Red Spot'due south reddish color. Hypotheses supported by laboratory experiments suppose that it may be acquired by chemical products created from the solar ultraviolet irradiation of ammonium hydrosulfide and the organic compound acetylene, which produces a reddish textile—likely circuitous organic compounds called tholins.[34] The high distance of the compounds may besides contribute to the coloring.[35]

The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue, from virtually brick-carmine to pale salmon or even white. The spot occasionally disappears, becoming evident only through the Cherry-red Spot Hollow, which is its location in the South Equatorial Belt (SEB). Its visibility is manifestly coupled to the SEB; when the belt is brilliant white, the spot tends to exist dark, and when it is night, the spot is usually calorie-free. These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; from 1947 to 1997, the spot was darkest in the periods 1961–1966, 1968–1975, 1989–1990, and 1992–1993.[five]

  • Jupiter's clouds taken on 27 June 2019 by Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3.[36]

  • Color animation of Jupiter's cloud motion and circulation of the Not bad Red Spot.

Mechanical dynamics [edit]

There is no definitive theory every bit to what causes the formation or color of the Great Ruddy Spot. Laboratory studies are examining the effects that cosmic rays or UV light from the Sunday have on the chemical limerick of the clouds of Jupiter. One question is whether the Sun's radiation reacts with ammonium hydrosulfide in the planet's outer temper to create the deep red color.[37] Research suggests that the tempest produces farthermost amounts of gravity waves and acoustic waves, owing to the turbulence of the storm. The acoustic waves travel vertically upwards to a elevation of 800 km (500 mi) above the storm where they break in the upper temper, converting moving ridge energy into oestrus. This creates a region of upper atmosphere that is 1,600 G (1,330 °C; 2,420 °F)—several hundred Kelvin warmer than the rest of the planet at this altitude.[25] The effect is described every bit being like "crashing [...] ocean waves on a beach".[38] The reason the storm has connected to exist for centuries is that there is no planetary surface (only a liquid core of hydrogen) to provide friction; circulating gas eddies persist for a very long time in the atmosphere considering there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum.[39]

Gallery [edit]

  • Winds in Jupiter's Nifty Ruddy Spot[40]

See also [edit]

  • Extraterrestrial vortex
  • Great White Spot, a similar storm on Saturn
  • Hypercane
  • WISEP J190648.47+401106.8
  • The Nifty Prebiotic Spot, a concept in astrobiology, wherein the prebiotic processes leading to life occurred.[41]

References [edit]

  1. ^ *Staff (2007). "Jupiter Data Sheet – Infinite.com". Imaginova. Retrieved 2008-06-03 .
    • "The Solar Organization - The Planet Jupiter – The Great Cherry Spot". Dept. Physics & Astronomy – University of Tennessee. Archived from the original on 2004-06-ten. Retrieved 2015-08-30 .
  2. ^ a b Denning, William Frederick (June 1899). "Early history of the great ruby spot on Jupiter". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Order. Imperial Astronomical Club. 59 (x): 574. Bibcode:1899MNRAS..59..574D. doi:x.1093/mnras/59.10.574.
  3. ^ *Chang, Kenneth (2017-12-xiii). "The Not bad Ruby Spot Descends Deep Into Jupiter". The New York Times . Retrieved 2017-12-15 .
    • "Cracking Red Spot". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2018-12-04 .
  4. ^ Karl Hille (2015-08-04). "Jupiter's Great Ruby Spot: A Swirling Mystery". NASA. Retrieved 2017-11-18 .
  5. ^ a b Beebe (1997), 38-41.
  6. ^ "This Month in Physics History". world wide web.aps.org . Retrieved 2021-12-29 .
  7. ^ Rogers (1995), 6.
  8. ^ Rogers (1995), 188.
  9. ^ Staff (2003). "Donato Creti, Astronomical observations". Musei Vaticani. Vatican Museums. Retrieved 2019-12-sixteen .
  10. ^ a b Hockey (1999), 40-1.
  11. ^ Beatty, J. Kelly (2002). "Jupiter's Shrinking Ruddy Spot". Sky and Telescope. 103 (iv): 24. Bibcode:2002S&T...103d..24B. Retrieved 2007-06-21 .
  12. ^ Paul Scott Anderson (x June 2019). "Is Jupiter's Cracking Red Spot disintegrating?". EarthSky. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  13. ^ Philip Marcus (26 November 2019). "Jupiter'southward Cracking Red Spot may non be disappearing". Astronomy. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  14. ^ Sanchez-Lavega, A.; et al. (February 2001). "The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter". Icarus. 149 (ii): 491–495. Bibcode:2001Icar..149..491S. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6548.
  15. ^ Phillips, Tony. "Huge Storms Converge". Science@NASA. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2007-01-08 .
  16. ^ Michaud, Peter. "Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter'south Ruby Spots". Gemini Observatory. Retrieved 2007-06-15 .
  17. ^ Shiga, David. "Third red spot erupts on Jupiter". New Scientist . Retrieved 2008-05-23 .
  18. ^ Phillips, Tony. "The Great Nighttime Spot". Science at NASA. Archived from the original on 2007-06-fifteen. Retrieved 2007-06-20 .
  19. ^ Smith et al (1979), 951-972.
  20. ^ a b c Perez, Martin (2017-07-12). "NASA'due south Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter's Great Red Spot". NASA . Retrieved 2017-07-sixteen .
  21. ^ Chang, Kenneth (2016-07-05). "NASA'due south Juno Spacecraft Enters Into Orbit Effectually Jupiter". The New York Times . Retrieved 2017-07-12 .
  22. ^ Smith et al (1979), 954.
  23. ^ Jupiter, the Giant of the Solar System. The Voyager Mission. NASA. 1979. p. 5.
  24. ^ Rogers (1995), 191.
  25. ^ a b O'Donoghue, J.; Moore, L.; Stallard, T. Southward.; Melin, H. (27 July 2016). "Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere in a higher place the Peachy Red Spot". Nature. 536 (7615): 190–192. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..190O. doi:ten.1038/nature18940. hdl:2381/38554. PMID 27462811. S2CID 4462322.
  26. ^ Rogers (1995), 194-6.
  27. ^ Beebe (1997), 35.
  28. ^ Rogers (1995), 195.
  29. ^ Rogers, John. "Interim reports on STB (Oval BA passing GRS), STropB, GRS (internal rotation measured), EZ(S. Eq. Disturbance; dramatic darkening; NEB interactions), & NNTB". British Astronomical Association. Retrieved 2007-06-15 .
  30. ^ * Reese, Elmer J.; Solberg, H. Gordon (1966). "Recent measures of the latitude and longitude of Jupiter's ruby spot". Icarus. 5 (one–6): 266–273. Bibcode:1966Icar....5..266R. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(66)90036-4. hdl:2060/19650022425.
    • Rogers (1995), 192-3.
  31. ^ Trigo-Rodriguez, J.Thousand; Sánchez-Lavega, A; Gómez, J.Yard; Lecacheux, J; Colas, F; Miyazaki, I (2000). "The 90-day oscillations of Jupiter'south Nifty Red Spot revisited". Planetary and Space Science. 48 (4): 331–339. doi:ten.1016/S0032-0633(00)00002-7.
  32. ^
    • Stone, Peter H. (1974). "On Jupiter'south Rate of Rotation" (PDF). Periodical of the Atmospheric Sciences. 31 (v): 1471–1472. Bibcode:1974JAtS...31.1471S. doi:x.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1471:OJROR>ii.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-06-20 .
    • Rogers (1995), 48, 193.
  33. ^ Rogers (1995), 193.
  34. ^ Loeffer, Mark J.; Hudson, Reggie 50. (2018). "Coloring Jupiter'due south clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)". Icarus. 302: 418–425. Bibcode:2018Icar..302..418L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.ten.041.
  35. ^ "What makes Jupiter's Red Spot red?". EarthSky. 2014-eleven-xi. Retrieved 2019-03-13 .
  36. ^ "Hubble Showcases New Portrait of Jupiter". www.spacetelescope.org . Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  37. ^ "Jupiter'southward Groovy Blood-red Spot: A Swirling Mystery". NASA. Baronial iv, 2015. Goddard scientists Marker Loeffler and Reggie Hudson have been performing laboratory studies to investigate whether cosmic rays, one type of radiation that strikes Jupiter's clouds, can chemically alter ammonium hydrosulfide to produce new compounds that could explain the spot's colour.
  38. ^ "Jupiter'due south Bully Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source". NASA. NASA. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 23 Dec 2018.
  39. ^ "Jupiter'south Temper and Great Red Spot". www.astrophysicsspectator.com. November 24, 2004.
  40. ^ "Hubble Shows Winds in Jupiter's Slap-up Blood-red Spot Are Speeding Upwardly". Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  41. ^ von Hegner, Ian (2020). "A limbus mundi elucidation of habitability: the Goldilocks Edge". International Journal of Astrobiology. 19 (pp. 320–329).

Further reading [edit]

  • [Numerous authors] (1999). Beatty, Kelly J.; Peterson, Carolyn Collins; Chaiki, Andrew (eds.). The New Solar System (fourth ed.). Massachusetts: Sky Publishing Corporation. ISBN978-0933346864.
  • Beebe, Reta (1997). Jupiter the Giant Planet (2nd ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Books. ISBN978-1560986850.
  • Hockey, Thomas (1999). Galileo'south Planet: Observing Jupiter Before Photography. Bristol, Philadelphia: IOP Publishing. ISBN978-0750304481.
  • Peek, Bertrand M. (1981). The Planet Jupiter: The Observer's Handbook (Revised ed.). London: Faber and Faber Limited. ISBN978-0571180264.
  • Rogers, John H. (1995). The Giant Planet Jupiter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0521410083.
  • Smith, B. A.; et al. (1979). "The Jupiter organization through the optics of Voyager 1". Science. 204 (4396): 951–957, 960–972. Bibcode:1979Sci...204..951S. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.204.4396.951. PMID 17800430. S2CID 33147728.

External links [edit]

  • Yang, Sarah (April 21, 2004). "Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet's spots disappear". UC Berkeley News. Retrieved 2007-06-14 .
  • Phillips, Tony (March iii, 2006). "Jupiter's New Cerise Spot". Science at NASA. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. Retrieved 2007-06-fourteen .
  • Phillips, Tony (June 5, 2006). "Huge Storms Converge". Science at NASA. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
  • Youssef, Ashraf; Marcus, Philip Due south. (2003). "The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger". Icarus. 162 (1): 74–93. Bibcode:2003Icar..162...74Y. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00060-X.
  • Williams, Gareth P. (May 4, 2005). "NOAA Web Folio". Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-07-21 .
  • Video based on Juno'due south Perijove seven overflight by Seán Doran (run into anthology for more)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Red_Spot

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